Which of the following conditions can be caused by nitrofurantoin use in children?

Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic commonly used to treat urinary tract infections. A notable adverse effect associated with its use is hemolytic anemia, particularly in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. This condition arises when nitrofurantoin induces oxidative stress on red blood cells, leading to their premature destruction in vulnerable populations.

When nitrofurantoin is administered, it generates metabolites that can cause oxidative injury to erythrocytes. In those with G6PD deficiency, the inability to effectively combat oxidative stress heightens the risk of hemolysis, resulting in hemolytic anemia. In children, this risk is particularly important to consider, as they may have unrecognized G6PD deficiency.

While thrombocytopenia, acute kidney injury, and G6PD deficiency could potentially be relevant concerns in the context of nitrofurantoin use, hemolytic anemia is a more direct and classic result of the drug’s effects on individuals with G6PD deficiency rather than being caused by nitrofurantoin itself. Thus, the association of nitrofurantoin with hemolytic anemia in children, especially those with underlying G6PD deficiency, aligns with well-documented